Legal Aspect of Business
Dec 2025 Examination
Q1. Ravi and Priya want to start a company to sell organic food products. Their consultant tells them they must prepare and register a Memorandum of Association (MOA) with the Registrar of Companies.
Ravi thinks the MOA is just a registration formality. Priya says it is important because it decides what the company can and cannot do.
A year later, they plan to start a travel agency under the same company. Can they do this without changing their MOA? Explain the purpose of registering an MOA and advise them. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Entrepreneurs’ excitement is sometimes tempered by apprehension about procedures and compliance as they enter the corporate sector. This is particularly true in the context of company law, where paperwork serves as a framework that determines the identity and capabilities of the business itself rather than only being a formality. This is well shown by the circumstances surrounding Ravi and Priya. Their expert has recommended them to draft and file a Memorandum of Association (MOA) in order to establish a business to sell organic food goods. While Priya correctly believes
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Q2(A). Ravi agrees to supply 1,000 chairs to Meera for Rs.5,00,000. After delivering 600 chairs, Ravi asks for payment for those. Meera refuses, saying the contract was for the full 1,000 chairs and she will only pay after all are delivered.
Later, Meera sells 500 of the chairs already delivered.
Can Ravi claim payment for the 600 chairs? Explain using the concept of partial performance under the Indian Contract Act, referring to when such partial performance can be accepted or rejected. (5 Marks)
Ans 2a.
Introduction
Agreements for the bulk supply of commodities or the phased delivery of services are common in commercial transactions. When performance is either partially or not at all completed, such agreements present significant concerns. This conundrum is brought to light by the circumstances surrounding Ravi and Meera. Ravi consented to pay ₹5,00,000 for 1,000 chairs. He requested proportional
Q2(B). Ramesh, a shopkeeper, is unconscious after a road accident. His neighbour Suresh takes him to a private hospital, which immediately provides emergency treatment worth Rs.50,000. After recovering, Ramesh refuses to pay, saying there was no agreement between him and the hospital. The hospital asks Suresh to pay, but Suresh says he only helped and should be reimbursed.
Advise the hospital and Suresh using the concept of quasi-contract under the Indian Contract Act. (5 Marks)
Ans 2b.
Introduction
Mutual consent—an offer made by one party and accepted by the other—is often the cornerstone of contract law, establishing legally binding rights and responsibilities. However, there are often instances in which there is no formal agreement but one side benefits at the cost of another. Ignoring such circumstances would result in one side unfairly benefiting while the other would suffer a loss. The Indian Contract Act
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